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Engineering Machinery 'Blood' Guide: A Complete Analysis of Domestic Hydraulic Oils - This One Article is Enough

2025-04-24 09:11

There are many types of hydraulic oils in China. According to national standards (GB) and international classifications (such as ISO), they are mainly divided into the following categories, each with its own characteristics and application scenarios:

1. HL type (general hydraulic oil)

Base oil Refined mineral oil + antioxidant and rust inhibitor
Characteristics ：
- It has basic antioxidant and rust prevention properties.
- Suitable for low-pressure or medium-pressure hydraulic systems (such as machine tools, general construction machinery).
- The cost is low, but the high-temperature performance is poor.
Common grades HL-32, HL-46, HL-68 (the number represents the kinematic viscosity at 40℃, unit mm²/s).

2. HM type (anti-wear hydraulic oil)

Base oil Refined mineral oil + anti-wear agent (such as zinc, ashless agent), antioxidant and rust inhibitor
Characteristics ：
- Excellent anti-wear performance, extending the life of pumps and valves.
- Suitable for high-pressure hydraulic systems (such as excavators, injection molding machines, metallurgical equipment).
- Mainstream type in China, divided into zinc-containing (Zn) and ashless formulas (environmentally friendly).
Common grades HM-32, HM-46, HM-68.
Representative brands Great Wall, Kunlun, Shell, Mobil, etc.

3. HV type (low-temperature hydraulic oil)

Base oil Deeply refined mineral oil or synthetic hydrocarbon + viscosity index improver
Characteristics ：
- High viscosity index (VI>130), good low-temperature fluidity (can still be used below -30℃).
- Suitable for equipment with large diurnal temperature differences or cold regions (such as northern construction machinery, ships).
Common grades HV-22, HV-32, HV-46.

4. HS type (ultra-low temperature hydraulic oil)

Base oil Synthetic oil (such as polyalphaolefin PAO)
Characteristics ：
- Extreme low-temperature performance (below -40℃), good high-temperature stability.
- Used in harsh environments such as polar expeditions and special military equipment.
- Higher cost.

5. HG type (hydraulic-guide oil)

Characteristics ：
- Combines the anti-wear and anti-creep performance of hydraulic oil and guide oil.
- Suitable for equipment that needs to lubricate hydraulic systems and guides, such as machine tools.

6. Environmentally friendly hydraulic oil

Type ：
- Biodegradable hydraulic oil Vegetable oil based (such as castor oil) or synthetic esters, used in sensitive environments (such as forestry, water conservancy).
- Ashless anti-wear hydraulic oil Zinc-free, reducing environmental pollution.

7. Fire-resistant hydraulic oil (special purpose)

Type ：
- Water-ethylene glycol type (HFC): Good fire resistance, used in high-temperature or flammable environments (such as metallurgy, coal mines).
- Phosphate ester type (HFDR): Synthetic oil, high-temperature fire-resistant, but highly corrosive, requires special sealing materials.

Main domestic brands and standards

Brand Sinopec, CNPC, Unification, Longpan, etc.
Standard ：
- GB 11118.1-2011 (equivalent to ISO 11158).
- Some companies refer to international standards such as DIN 51524 and ASTM D6158.

Selection suggestions

Viscosity Select according to equipment requirements (e.g., HM-46 is suitable for most construction machinery).
Ambient temperature HV or HS for low temperatures, HM or fire-resistant type for high temperatures.
Pressure level HM type must be used for high-pressure systems.
Environmental requirements Biodegradable oil should be selected in sensitive areas.